Effect of thiamethoxam (organophosphate) on the flies and beetle visitation and cadaveric decomposition process

ABSTRACT Entomofauna associated with decaying cadavers may be useful in criminal investigation, either through the development of immature insects of interest or through entomological succession in corpses. These factors may vary if the insects are exposed to toxic substances that can modify the insect's developmental cycle, as well as its own occurrence, which would imply significant changes in the results of any investigation. However, there are few studies on how contamination by toxic compounds can affect the action of insects on carcasses and their consequence for forensic expertise. Therefore, this study aimed to test the hypothesis that the normal visitation of flies and beetles is altered in insecticide-contaminated carcasses. The experiment was carried out in a sugarcane plantation, using pig carcasses contaminated with insecticide and the same number of carcasses without any type of contamination as a control. In all experiments, the contaminated carcasses reached the final phase of decomposition in a longer time than the uncontaminated carcasses of the control group. A total of 2.767 specimens were collected and identified, 2.103 individuals from the order Diptera and 664 from the order Coleoptera. There was a significant geometric regression adjustment during the decomposition phases only for the control group, different from the contaminated carcasses in which this pattern did not occur. Results show that contamination by insecticide alters decomposition time and phase, altering the action of flies and beetles, affecting the abundance, composition of species as well as their activities, which can alter the data used by experts in criminal experts.

Análisis comparativo de la actividad antimicrobiana de secreciones y excreciones larvarias de Calliphora vicina y Sarconesiopsis magellanica (Diptera: Calliphoridae) / A comparative analysis of Calliphora vicina and Sarconesiopsis magellanica (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larval secretions and excretions antimicrobial activity

Introducción. La creciente resistencia bacteriana a los antibióticos representa una amenaza mundial de salud pública. Las excreciones y secreciones larvarias derivadas de moscas necrófagas de la familia Calliphoridae podrían configurar una fuente promisoria para contrarrestar sus efectos. Objetivo. Comparar la actividad antimicrobiana de las excreciones y secreciones larvarias nativas, y de las mayores y menores de 10 kDa de Calliphora vicina y Sarconesiopsis magellanica (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Materiales y métodos. El bioensayo se hizo a partir de la técnica de turbidimetría y en el caso de las excreciones y secreciones menores de 10 kDa se determinó la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM). Resultados. Las excreciones y secreciones nativas y las menores de 10 kDa de C. vicina y S. magellanica, evidenciaron una potente actividad antibacteriana contra tres cepas de Staphylococcus aureus y cuatro bacterias Gram negativas, siendo las menores de 10 kDa más efectivas que las nativas en las dos especies de moscas evaluadas. Además, las menores de 10 kDa presentaron la misma efectividad, aunque en las pruebas de CIM se observó que las de S. magellanica fueron más potentes en todas las bacterias evaluadas, excepto contra la cepa de S. aureus ATCC 25923. Las mayores de 10 kDa no inhibieron el crecimiento bacteriano. Conclusión. Los resultados validaron, en general, que estas sustancias son fuente importante para el aislamiento y la caracterización de agentes antimicrobianos.

Introduction: The growing resistance to antibiotics worldwide represents a global threat to public health. The larval excretions and secretions derived from necrophagous flies from the Calliphoridae family could represent a promising source for counteracting their effects. Objective: To compare the antimicrobial activity of Calliphora vicina and Sarconesiopsis magellanica (Diptera: Calliphoridae) native excretions and secretions and those weighing more than 10 kDa and less. Materials and methods: We used the turbidimetry technique for the bioassay; we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for excretions and secretions weighing less than 10 kDa. Results: Calliphora vicina and S. magellanica native excretions and secretions and those weighing less than 10 kDa exhibited potent antibacterial activity against three Staphylococcus aureus strains and four Gram-negative bacteria; those weighing less than 10 kDa were more effective than the native ones in the two species of flies evaluated here. Furthermore, excretions and secretions weighing less than 10 kDa had the same effectiveness, except in the MIC trials where S. magellanica excretions and secretions weighing less than 10 kDa were more potent against all the bacteria evaluated, except for S. aureus ATCC 25923. Excretions and secretions weighing more than 10 kDa did not inhibit bacterial growth. Conclusions: These results potentially validate these substances as an important source for isolating and characterizing antimicrobial agents.

First list of parasitoids in flies of medical, veterinary, and forensic importance in Rio Grande do Sul – Brazil / Primeira lista de parasitoides em moscas de importância médica, veterinária e forense no Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil

Necrophagous flies are of great importance for human and animal health. In places where their development occurs, parasitoids can be used as a tool to control these dipterans. In Brazil, the fauna of these parasitoids has been investigated in some regions. However, in Rio Grande do Sul, it is known the occurrence of only one species. Thus, this study aimed to create the first list of parasitoids in flies of medical and veterinary importance in Southern Brazil. Collections took place in the municipality of Pelotas (31º 42' S; 52º 18' W). Three replicates consisting of a 500 g bovine liver chunk placed in a tray were exposed to open air for 20 days. Then pupae were individualized and observed until their emergence. We identified 4,882 adult flies of Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, and Sarcophagidae. 4,040 parasitoids emerged, belonging to eight species, of which Nasonia vitripennis, Spalangia cameroni, Spalangia chontalensis, and Tachinephagus zealandicus are new records in Rio Grande do Sul state. Also, three undescribed species of the genus Aphaereta were collected. In spite of being the first attempt to inventory the fauna of hymenopteran parasitoids, this study may help in the development of management programs of these dipterans in the region.

Moscas necrófagas possuem grande importância para a sanidade humana e animal. Onde estas se desenvolvem ocorrem parasitoides que podem ser utilizados como ferramentas para o controle desses dípteros. No Brasil, a fauna desses parasitoides vem sendo investigada em algumas regiões e no Rio Grande do Sul é conhecida a ocorrência de apenas uma espécie. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi criar a primeira lista de espécies de parasitoides de moscas de importância médica e veterinária ocorrentes no extremo sul do Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas no município de Pelotas (31º 42' S; 52º 18' O). Foram montadas três réplicas de bandejas contendo, cada uma, 500 g de fígado bovino, expostas ao ar livre durante 20 dias. Na sequência, as pupas foram individualizadas e observadas até a emergência. Foram identificados 4.882 adultos pertencentes às famílias Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae e Sarcophagidae. Emergiram 4.040 parasitoides, pertencentes a oito espécies, das quais Nasonia vitripennis, Spalangia cameroni, Spalangia chontalensis e Tachinephagus zealandicus são novas ocorrências para o Rio Grande do Sul. Foram coletadas três espécies ainda não descritas do gênero Aphaereta. Apesar de ainda ser um primeiro esforço de inventariar a fauna de himenópteros parasitoides, este estudo pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de programas de manejos desses dípteros na região.

First list of parasitoids in flies of medical, veterinary, and forensic importance in Rio Grande do Sul Brazil

Abstract Necrophagous flies are of great importance for human and animal health. In places where their development occurs, parasitoids can be used as a tool to control these dipterans. In Brazil, the fauna of these parasitoids has been investigated in some regions. However, in Rio Grande do Sul, it is known the occurrence of only one species. Thus, this study aimed to create the first list of parasitoids in flies of medical and veterinary importance in Southern Brazil. Collections took place in the municipality of Pelotas (31º 42 S; 52º 18 W). Three replicates consisting of a 500 g bovine liver chunk placed in a tray were exposed to open air for 20 days. Then pupae were individualized and observed until their emergence. We identified 4,882 adult flies of Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, and Sarcophagidae. 4,040 parasitoids emerged, belonging to eight species, of which Nasonia vitripennis, Spalangia cameroni, Spalangia chontalensis, and Tachinephagus zealandicus are new records in Rio Grande do Sul state. Also, three undescribed species of the genus Aphaereta were collected. In spite of being the first attempt to inventory the fauna of hymenopteran parasitoids, this study may help in the development of management programs of these dipterans in the region.

Resumo Moscas necrófagas possuem grande importância para a sanidade humana e animal. Onde estas se desenvolvem ocorrem parasitoides que podem ser utilizados como ferramentas para o controle desses dípteros. No Brasil, a fauna desses parasitoides vem sendo investigada em algumas regiões e no Rio Grande do Sul é conhecida a ocorrência de apenas uma espécie. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi criar a primeira lista de espécies de parasitoides de moscas de importância médica e veterinária ocorrentes no extremo sul do Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas no município de Pelotas (31º 42 S; 52º 18 O). Foram montadas três réplicas de bandejas contendo, cada uma, 500 g de fígado bovino, expostas ao ar livre durante 20 dias. Na sequência, as pupas foram individualizadas e observadas até a emergência. Foram identificados 4.882 adultos pertencentes às famílias Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae e Sarcophagidae. Emergiram 4.040 parasitoides, pertencentes a oito espécies, das quais Nasonia vitripennis, Spalangia cameroni, Spalangia chontalensis e Tachinephagus zealandicus são novas ocorrências para o Rio Grande do Sul. Foram coletadas três espécies ainda não descritas do gênero Aphaereta. Apesar de ainda ser um primeiro esforço de inventariar a fauna de himenópteros parasitoides, este estudo pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de programas de manejos desses dípteros na região.

First list of parasitoids in flies of medical, veterinary, and forensic importance in Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil / Primeira lista de parasitoides em moscas de importância médica, veterinária e forense no Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil

Necrophagous flies are of great importance for human and animal health. In places where their development occurs, parasitoids can be used as a tool to control these dipterans. In Brazil, the fauna of these parasitoids has been investigated in some regions. However, in Rio Grande do Sul, it is known the occurrence of only one species. Thus, this study aimed to create the first list of parasitoids in flies of medical and veterinary importance in Southern Brazil. Collections took place in the municipality of Pelotas (31º 42' S; 52º 18' W). Three replicates consisting of a 500 g bovine liver chunk placed in a tray were exposed to open air for 20 days. Then pupae were individualized and observed until their emergence. We identified 4,882 adult flies of Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, and Sarcophagidae. 4,040 parasitoids emerged, belonging to eight species, of which Nasonia vitripennis, Spalangia cameroni, Spalangia chontalensis, and Tachinephagus zealandicus are new records in Rio Grande do Sul state. Also, three undescribed species of the genus Aphaereta were collected. In spite of being the first attempt to inventory the fauna of hymenopteran parasitoids, this study may help in the development of management programs of these dipterans in the region.

Moscas necrófagas possuem grande importância para a sanidade humana e animal. Onde estas se desenvolvem ocorrem parasitoides que podem ser utilizados como ferramentas para o controle desses dípteros. No Brasil, a fauna desses parasitoides vem sendo investigada em algumas regiões e no Rio Grande do Sul é conhecida a ocorrência de apenas uma espécie. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi criar a primeira lista de espécies de parasitoides de moscas de importância médica e veterinária ocorrentes no extremo sul do Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas no município de Pelotas (31º 42' S; 52º 18' O). Foram montadas três réplicas de bandejas contendo, cada uma, 500 g de fígado bovino, expostas ao ar livre durante 20 dias. Na sequência, as pupas foram individualizadas e observadas até a emergência. Foram identificados 4.882 adultos pertencentes às famílias Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae e Sarcophagidae. Emergiram 4.040 parasitoides, pertencentes a oito espécies, das quais Nasonia vitripennis, Spalangia cameroni, Spalangia chontalensis e Tachinephagus zealandicus são novas ocorrências para o Rio Grande do Sul. Foram coletadas três espécies ainda não descritas do gênero Aphaereta. Apesar de ainda ser um primeiro esforço de inventariar a fauna de himenópteros parasitoides, este estudo pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de programas de manejos desses dípteros na região.

Dirofilaria immitis en caninos del medio Sinú: un posible riesgo para la salud pública / Dirofilaria immitis in canines of middle Sinú: a potential risk for public health

Resumen Introducción: Dirofilaria immitis es un parásito de distribución mundial, en caninos produce la dirofilariosis cardiopulmonar progresiva, afección localizada en las arterias pulmonares y el ventrículo derecho, que induce a daño endotelial y neumonitis. El parásito es trasmitido por la picadura de mosquitos a caninos y a otras especies, inclusive a humanos que habitan zonas endémicas, constituyéndose en una zoonosis. En Colombia D. immitis ha sido reportada en diferentes regiones de Colombia. Objetivo: Determinar anticuerpos contra D. immitis en caninos de Cereté, Ciénaga de Oro y San Carlos, municipios del Medio Sinú (Córdoba). Materiales y métodos: Mediante un estudio descriptivo de corte trasversal y un muestreo estratificado, se tomaron 105 muestras de sangre en caninos de las áreas urbanas de estos municipios; la determinación de antígenos de D. immitis, se realizó mediante un inmunoensayo enzimático. Se usó estadística descriptiva y se empleó Chi-cuadrado para determinar si hubo diferencias significativas con respecto a la seropositividad y las variables evaluadas (edad, raza y procedencia). Resultados: La seroprevalencia fue del 5.7% y los anticuerpos se detectaron en todos los municipios evaluados. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre seropositividad por municipio, edad, raza, sexo. Conclusiones: El hábitat de los humanos en los municipios del medio Sinú, junto con la detección de anticuerpos circulantes en caninos de D. immitis, las condiciones agroecológicas de esta región, la presencia de mosquitos y hospederos, puede hacer que los humanos sean expuestos a la transmisión de patógenos y ser un riesgo para la salud pública; por lo cual se hace necesario implementar medidas de prevención y control de vectores.

Abstract Introduction: Dirofilaria immitis, is a worldwide distribution parasite that causes progressive cardiopulmonary disease in dogs, it is located in the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle and produces endothelial injury and pneumonia. It is transmitted by mosquito bites to canines, but it may be found in a variety of mammals, including humans living in endemic areas, which turns it into a zoonosis. The infection has been reported in different Colombian regions. Objective: To determine antibodies against D. immitis in dogs of Cereté, Ciénaga de Oro, and San Carlos, municipalities of middle Sinú (Córdoba). Materials and methods: Blood samples of 105 crossbreed dogs were collected from the urban areas of these municipalities in order to conduct a descriptive cross-sectional study and stratified sampling. Antibody to Dirofilaria immitis was measured through the implementation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Descriptive analysis and Chi-square were used to determine whether there were significant differences with respect to D. immitis seropositivity and the parameters investigated (age, race and geographic region of origin). Results: The seroprevalence to D. immitis was 5.7%, and the antibodies were detected in the municipalities evaluated. No statistically significant differences were observed between the seropositivity of different age groups, races, sexes, and municipalities. Conclusions: The presence of circulating antibodies of Vectors and hosts involved in the transmission may represent a potential public health risk in which humans can act as aberrant hosts.

Occurrence of Lipoptena mazama and Lipoptena guimaraesi (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) on gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) in southern Brazil / Ocorrência de Lipoptena mazama e Lipoptena guimaraesi (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) em veado-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) no sul do Brasil

Abstract The genus Lipoptena includes hematophagous insects of the family Hippoboscidae that parasitize different deer species. The present study aims to identify 19 flies that parasitize deer of the genus Mazama in the State of Paraná, Brazil. We analyzed 18 flies (Lipoptena mazamae) and 1 Lipoptena guimaraesi. This study expands the host list for L. guimaraesi, previously restricted to a single deer species (Ozotoceros bezoarticus).

Resumo O gênero Lipoptena engloba insetos hematófagos da família Hippoboscidae que parasitam diferentes espécies de cervídeos. O presente estudo tem por objetivo relatar a identificação de 19 moscas encontradas parasitando cervídeos do gênero Mazama, no Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Dentre os espécimes analisados, 18 pertenciam à espécie Lipoptena mazamae e um à espécie Lipoptena guimaraesi. O presente artigo expande a lista de hospedeiros de L. guimaraesi, antes restrita a uma única espécie de cervídeo (Ozotoceros bezoarticus).

Roles tróficos de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados y calidad ecológica del río Muincha / Tophic roles of community of macroinvertebrates and ecological quality of the Muincha river

Introducción: El suelo en áreas rurales del municipio de Turmequé-Boyacá-Colombia está destinado para actividades agrícolas y pecuarias en un 89%, lo cual tiene influencia en el estado ecológico del río Muincha. Objetivo: establecer los roles tróficos de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados y evaluar la calidad ecológica del río Muincha. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizaron 5 muestreos de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados durante los meses de mayo, junio, agosto, septiembre y noviembre de 2005. Las muestras de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados fueron colectadas en cuatro estaciones, tomando dos puntos cada una en un tramo entre 2431 y 2820 msnm del Río Muincha en Turmequé. Para evaluar la calidad ecológica se usaron los índices BMWP/Col (análisis biológico), EPT (análisis biológico) e INSF (análisis fisicoquímico), y se establecieron los roles tróficos de la comunidad de macroinvertebrados. Resultados: según BMWP/Col e INSF el río presenta agua de calidad aceptable (aguas ligeramente contaminadas) o de regular calidad. El ecosistema se encuentra alterado como consecuencia de la acción antrópica (ganadería y agricultura), la estación III presentó mayor afectación, y la Estación IV menor afectación. La contaminación encontrada posiblemente se deba al mal uso del suelo, evidenciado con la presencia constante y considerable de Colectores, Recolectores, Detritívoros (Ordenes Diptera, Seriata, Haplotaxida y Arthicobdellida), por la presencia de amonio y los altos valores de nitrato y fosfato. Conclusión: Se identificó una clara relación entre la diversidad de macroinvertebrados, los roles tróficos de los macroinvertebrados, la calidad del agua y los usos del suelo (calidad ambiental).

Introduction: The soil in rural areas from the municipality of Turmequé-Boyacá-Colombia is destined to activities agricultural and livestock, it represents the 89%, which have influence in the ecological state of the Muincha river. Objective: to establish trophic roles of the macroinvertebrates community and to evaluate the ecological quality of the Muincha river. Materials and Methods: in 2015 five samplings were performed in the month of may, June, August, September and November. The macroinvertebrates community samples were collected in four stations, taking two points in every one in a section of the 2431 to 2820 slom, in the Muincha river (Turmequé). To evaluate the ecological quality, it´s used the indexes BMWP/Col (biological analyses), EPT (biological analyses) and INSF (physicochemical analyses), and itself established trophic roles of the macroinvertebrates community. Results: agree BMWP/Col and INSF the river present water of acceptable quality (contaminated slightly water) or regular quality. The ecosystem itself found altered as consequence of the anthropic action (livestock and agriculture), the station III showing more affectation, and the station IV less affectation. Therefore, it´s identified clear relation between the diversity of macroinvertebrates, the quality of water and the use of the soil. The contamination found is possibly due to the misuse of the soil, evidenced by the constant and considerable presence of Collectors - Collectors Collectors ­ Gatherers - Detritivores (Ordenes Diptera, Seriata, Haplotaxida y Arthicobdellida), by the presence of Ammonium and the high values of nitrate and phosphate. Conclusion: Therefore, it´s identify a clear relation between the diversity of macroinvertebrates, trophic roles of the macroinvertebrates, quality of water and the uses of soil (environmental quality).

Occurrence of the louse fly Ornithoctona erythrocephala Leach (1817) (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) on a free-living red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata) / Ocorrência da mosca Ornithoctona erythrocephala Leach, 1817 (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) em seriema (Cariama cristata) de vida livre

Abstract The aim of this study was to report, for the first time, the occurrence of the hippoboscid fly Ornithoctona erythrocephala on a red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata). A Diptera specimen was found among the feathers of a free-living red-legged seriema, which was referred to necropsy at the Wild Animal Pathology Service, UNESP Jaboticabal. The fly was collected, stored in absolute alcohol, and shipped to the Institute of Biosciences of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul for proper identification. Based on morphological characters, the specimen was identified as a female of Ornithoctona erythrocephala. This study provides a report on a new host for O. erythrocephala.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever pela primeira vez a ocorrência da mosca Hippoboscidae Ornithoctona erythrocephala em uma seriema (Cariama cristata). Um espécime de díptero foi encontrado entre as penas de dessa ave, que havia sido encaminhada para necropsia ao Serviço de Patologia de Animais Selvagens, UNESP, Jaboticabal. A mosca foi armazenada em álcool absoluto e enviada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul para identificação por um especialista. Baseado em características morfológicas, o espécime foi identificado como fêmea de Ornithoctona erythrocephala. Este relato oferece a descrição de um novo hospedeiro para O. erythrocephala.

Acute bullous hemorrhagic prurigo: a diagnostic challenge

Abstract Insect bites and bite wounds are quite common and most often have mild repercussions in humans. Statistics on the incidence of accidents caused by insects are not available, and the skin reactions after the bites are not always known. The authors present two cases of patients with hemorrhagic blisters on their hands after tabanidae bites and discuss the factors that cause the problem and the importance of the differential diagnosis of blisters with hemorrhagic content on human skin.

Desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de Chrysomya putoria (Calliphoridae) em carne equina e sua importância para a entomologia e veterinária forenses / [Post embryonic development of Chrysomya putoria (Calliphoridae) using horse meat and its importance for forensic entomology and veterinary]

Devido à importância médica, veterinária, ambiental e forense do califorídeo Chrysomya putoria (Diptera), foi avaliado o desempenho apresentado por estágios imaturos criados em carne de cavalo. Os espécimes foram colocados em câmaras aclimatizadas reguladas a 30 ºC, 60 ± 10% UR e 14 horas de fotofase. Os estágios larval e pupal concluíram seu desenvolvimento em 4,16 e 4,12 dias, respectivamente. As larvas pós-alimentação e pupas com 24h de idade pesaram, em média, 58,06 e 40,10mg, respectivamente. As taxas de emergência registradas foram de 65% nas condições experimentais propostas. Como os compostos orgânicos voláteis são diferentes na decomposição de um animal para outro, este trabalho e outros realizados com a mesma dieta são os mais apropriados para estimativa de intervalo post mortem envolvendo cavalos.(AU)

Due to medical, veterinary, environmental and forensic importance of the calliphorid Chrysomya putoria (Diptera), the performance presented by immature stages, reared on horse meat, was evaluated. The specimens were placed in acclimatized chambers regulated at 30 ºC, 60 ± 10% RU and 14 hours of photo phase. The larval and pupal stages completed their development in 4, 16 and 4, 12 days, respectively. Post-feeding larvae and aged 24h pupae weight on average 58, 06 and 40, 10 mg, respectively. The emergence rates recorded were 65% under the experimental conditions proposed. As volatile organic compounds are different in the decomposition of one animal to another, this work and others carried out with the same diet are the most appropriate for estimating post-mortem interval involving horses.(AU)

La diversidad del Orden Diptera de la Isla del Coco representada en la colección de artrópodos del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica y otras colecciones

Introducción: La Isla del Coco es una isla oceánica que, a pesar de su reconocida biodiversidad, ha sido poco estudiada en cuanto a su entomofauna, particularmente del Orden Diptera. Objetivo: Presentar la diversidad de "moscas" que alberga la Colección de Artrópodos del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica (MNCR), proveniente de recolectadas realizadas entre 1994-2013. Métodos: Se hizo un análisis de los 2129 registros físicos y digitales de Specify del MNCR y otras bases de datos, así como de la literatura. Resultados: Dentro del MNCR se encuentran 30 familias, 43géneros y28 especies; trabajo de determinación taxonómica realizado por un conjunto demás de 30 expertos en el grupo. Existe material tanto en la colección del MNCR y así como en Museo de Zoología de la Universidad de Costa Rica y otras instituciones fuera del país. Conclusiones: El esfuerzo de muestreo se ha concentrado solamente en un sector de la isla, por lo que se proyecta una diversidad mayor si se amplían los esfuerzos. Es fundamental mantener esfuerzos planificados en el ámbito de la investigación taxonómica de la fauna entomológica, que permitan ampliar el conocimiento de la diversidad presente.

Introduction: Isla del Coco National Park is an oceanic island of great interest and scientific value; however, little is known about its entomological fauna, particularly for the Order Diptera. Objective: To present the diversity of "flies" housed in the collection of arthropods of the National Museum of Costa Rica (MNCR), from expeditions made to the island between 1994 and 2013. Methods: Analyzed the 2 129 physical and digital records from Specify and other data bases, as well as the literature. Results: A total of 30 families, 43 genera and 28 species are represented in the MNCR, from a taxonomic determination work carried out by a group of more than 30 experts. There is material both in the Diptera collection of the MNCR and the MZUCR (Museum of Zoology, University of Costa Rica), as well as in institutions outside the country. Conclusion: The sampling effort has been concentrated in only one sector of the island; therefore, diversity is expected to be greater. It is essential to maintain research taxonomic efforts of the entomological fauna to expand the knowledge of the diversity present in such a valuable resource, Heritage of Humanity: Isla del Coco.

First report of inventory and role of macroinvertebrates and fish in Cautín river (38° S, Araucania region Chile) / Primeiro relato do inventário e papel dos macroinvertebrados e peixes no rio Cautín (39° S, região de Araucania Chile)

Abstract The Cautin river is located in the 137 years old Araucania region, Chile (38°S), and is characterized by alterations through human interference due agriculture and towns in its surrounding basin, the presence of salmonids, and by its mixed regime, originated from snow melting in summer and rains in winter. The aim of the present study was to make a review of the inventory and ecological role of the benthic inland water macroinvertebrates of the River Cautin, in order to understand their importance in the ecosystem of the river. The fauna of this river includes a fauna composed of endemic and introduced fish, which has, however, been only poorly studied until now. The literature revealed the presence of abundant populations of Diptera, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera larval stages, and few crustaceans specifically amphipods and freshwater crabs along the river's course. Many of these macroinvertebrates are prey for both introduced salmonids and native fishes. Similar results have been reported for other southern Argentinean and Chilean Patagonian rivers.

Resumo O rio Cautin está localizado na região de Araucania, no Chile (38°S), é caracterizado por alterações através da interferência humana devido à agricultura e as cidades da bacia circundante, a presença de salmonídeos e pelo seu regime misto, originado pela queda de neve verão e chuvas no inverno. O objetivo do presente estudo foi fazer uma revisão do papel ecológico dos macroinvertebrados bentônicos das águas interiores do rio Cautin, para entender sua importância no ecossistema do rio. A fauna deste rio inclui uma fauna composta de espécies de peixes endêmicos e introduzidos, que, no entanto, tem sido mal estudada até agora. A literatura revelou a presença de abundantes populações de estádios de larvas Diptera, Trichoptera e Ephemeroptera, e poucos crustáceos especificamente anfípodes e caranguejos de água doce ao longo do curso do rio. Muitos desses macroinvertebrados são presas tanto para salmonídeos introduzidos quanto para peixes nativos. Resultados semelhantes foram relatados para outros rios sul da Patagônia Chilena e Argentina.

A Review of Human Myiasis in Iran With an Emphasis on Reported Cases

@#Myiasis is the invasion of organs and tissues of humans or other vertebrate animals by fly larvae. The first reported case of myiasis in Iran was ophthalmic myiasis, which was reported in 1975. Since then about 81 cases of human myiasis have been reported in Iran up till 2017. According to this study, all types of myiasis were reported from different parts of Iran. Vectors species of human myiasis in Iran are: Oestrus ovis, Chrysomya bezziana, Dermatobia hominis, Hypoderma bovis, Rinoestrus purpureus, Lucilia serricata, Eristalis tenax, Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis, Sarcophaga fertoni, Wohlfahrtia magnifica, Wohlfahrtia nuba, Wohlfahrtia vigil, Cynomyopsis cadaverina, and Psychoda albipennis. There were two age peaks of myiasis infection in Iran: 21- 40 years old, and 65 years old . Specific and primary treatment is removal of larvae from infected tissues . Ironing is an effective way to eliminate eggs, also wearing long sleeve clothes to cover wounds and avoiding outdoor sleep are another way to prevent infection with flying larva. The aim of this review was to determine the prevalence of myiasis in different parts of Iran in order to determine and prioritize the methods of control based on the results.

Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), present in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in western Boyacá, Colombia / Flebótomos (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), presentes en una zona endémica de leishmaniasis cutánea en el occidente de Boyacá, Colombia

Abstract Introduction: Sandflies are known for having vector species of the tropical disease Leishmaniasis, a disease which is of an endemic nature in Western Boyacá, where the town of Otanche is one of the main source of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Objective: To identify the species of sandfly present in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in West Boyacá. Methods: The search and collection of sandflies was carried out using CDC gravid traps, over a period of twelve hours (18:00- 06:00). Identification was carried out by revising the genitalia on both male and female samples under a microscope. The distribution took as reference households with a history of people infected with this disease, locating them intra, peri and extra domicile. Results: Were recollected 361 individuals (252 females and 109 male), belonging to 9 genres and 16 species. 60% of all recollected phlebotominae consists of Nyssomyia yuilli and Nyssomyia trapidoi. Other species recollected and relevant, due to vector precedent, are Lutzomyia hartmanni, Psychodopygus panamensis, Lutzomyia gomezi and Psychodopygus carrerai. Conclusion: It was established that, due to its abundance and vector precedent for the country and the area under study, Nyssomyia yuilli and Nyssomyia trapidoi constitute the species of phlebotominae which may be involved in the transmission of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the region.

Resumen Introducción: Los flebótomos, son conocidos por tener especies vectoras de la enfermedad tropical Leishmaniasis, enfermedad que se presenta con carácter endémico en el occidente del departamento de Boyacá, donde el municipio de Otanche es uno de los principales focos de leishmaniasis cutánea. Objetivo: Identificar las especies de flebótomos presentes en una zona endémica de leishmaniasis cutánea en el occidente del Boyacá. Métodos: La búsqueda y recolección de los flebótomos se realizó con trampas CDC durante doce horas (18:00- 06:00), tomando como referencia viviendas con antecedentes de personas que hubieran tenido la enfermedad, ubicándolas en el intra, peri y extradomicilio. La identificación se realizó por medio de revisión del órgano genital de machos y hembras al microscopio. Resultados: Se colectaron 361 individuos (252 hembras y 109 machos), pertenecientes a 9 géneros y 16 especies, de las cuales, el 60% de toda la flebótomofauna recolectada está representada por Nyssomyia yuilli y Nyssomyia trapidoi. Otras especies colectadas y con importancia por antecedentes vectoriales son Lutzomyia hartmanni, Psychodopygus panamensis, Lutzomyia gomezi y Psychodopygus carrerai. Conclusión: Se estableció, que por sus altas abundancias y por sus antecedentes vectoriales para el país y para la zona de estudio, Nyssomyia yuilli y Nyssomyia trapidoi, constituyen las especies de flebótomos que pueden estar implicadas en la transmisión de leishmaniasis cutánea en la zona de estudio

What have we learned from the dead? A compilation of three years of cooperation between entomologists and crime scene investigators in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT With homicide rates higher than the world average, Brazil stands out as one of the most violent countries worldwide. Time of death estimation based solely on body changes can be biased or inaccurate; forensic entomology can play a determinant role in such cases. Accurate knowledge of necrophilous fauna is essential to validate experimental data and allows for the application of entomological evidence in forensic investigations, which benefits scientists, investigators, and society in general. Entomological evidence from Curitiba and 22 nearby cities were collected by crime scene investigators from the Scientific Police of Paraná. The corpses were found in diverse environments and specimens from each species were collected from all life stages. We present data from 25 cases from 2011 to 2014, including associated species, new records, and comparisons between existing experimental data and data from species collected in the cases presented. We identified 23 total species, of which eight species of Coleoptera and two species of Diptera have not previously been recorded on corpses. In all cases, Calliphoridae (76%) and Silphidae (48%) were the most numerous families collected. Working together with the scientific police gave us insight into which species lacked detailed records and enabled us to collaboratively focus on resolving deficits in our knowledge of necrophagous insects.

Otomyiasis: Systematic Review

Abstract Introduction Myiasis is a disease causedby fly larvae that growinthetissues of animals and humans. It can cause a variety of local symptoms, like erythema or pain, depending on its location, and generalized symptomatology, such as fever andmalaise.Myiasis can generate severe complications, for instance sepsis, or directly impact vital tissues. Its management varies depending on the location, and on the preferences of the doctor that faces this challenge. Myiasis usually occurs in tropical countries, and, in many places, it is not a rare condition. The cases are rarely reported, and there are no publishedmanagement protocols. Objective To review the literature regarding the most common agents, the predisposing factors and the treatment alternatives for otic myiasis, a rare form of human myiasis caused by the infestation of fly larvae in the ear cavities. Data synthesis We present a systematic review of the literature. The search in five databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, LILACS and RedALyC) led to 63 published cases from 24 countries, in the 5 continents. The ages of the patients ranged fromnewborn to 65 years old. Themost common agents belong to the Sarcophagidae or Calliphoridae families. Chronic otitis media, previous otic surgical procedures, mental deficit, alcohol or drug abuse, sleeping outdoors, prostration, and malnutrition were predisposing factors. The treatment alternatives are herein discussed. Conclusion The results highlight the need for monitoring, follow-up and standardization of medical approaches. (AU)

Synanthropic diptera affecting layer poultry farms: a review / Dípteros sinantrópicos de importância para a avicultura de postura: uma revisão

The poultry farm of posture is an economic activity of great relevance to Brazil. Health aspects of flocks of laying chickens, such as the occurrence of infestations by parasites and poultry pests, influence significantly the productivity indicators. In this context, the control of synanthropic diptera is one of the challenges of the poultry farmers and professionals of this area. In Brazil, the control of flies in poultry environments is based mainly on the use of pesticides, while other alternatives are less frequent. Among the flies' species most regularly found in poultry farms are the Musca domestica, Chrysomya spp., Fannia spp., and others. This review aims at compiling the literature on the occurrence, impact on poultry systems, biology, epidemiology and control of the species of synanthropic flies considered important for the Brazilian poultry industry.(AU)

A avicultura de postura é uma atividade econômica de grande relevância para o Brasil. Aspectos sanitários dos plantéis de galinhas poedeiras, tais como infestações por parasitos e pragas avícolas, influenciam significativamente os indicadores de produtividade desse setor. Nesse contexto, o controle de dípteros sinantrópicos constitui um dos desafios de avicultores e profissionais da área. No Brasil, o controle de moscas em ambientes avícolas é baseado, sobretudo, no uso de pesticidas, ao passo que o uso de outras alternativas é menos recorrente. Entre as espécies de moscas mais frequentes em granjas avícolas de postura, destacam-se Musca domestica, Chrysomya spp., Fannia spp., entre outras. O objetivo desta revisão é realizar a compilação da literatura existente sobre a ocorrência, o impacto nos sistemas avícolas, a biologia, a epidemiologia e o controle das espécies de dípteros sinantrópicos consideradas importantes para a avicultura de postura brasileira.(AU)

Houseflies speaking for the conservation of natural areas: a broad sampling of Muscidae (Diptera) on coastal plains of the Pampa biome, Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT The Brazilian Coastal Plain of the Pampa Biome (CPPB), has suffered fragmentation caused by resource extraction and cattle raising. In turn, conservation proposals are needed to prevent the anthropisation of Pampa natural areas. The first step towards conservation proposals by using insects is fauna inventories, providing data support for legislators. Thus, we undertook a regional and broad-scale sampling survey to investigate the diversity of Muscidae flies in protected and non-protected areas of CPPB. In addition, we carried out an ecological guild diversity analysis as a metric approach of bioindication. The Muscidae sampling resulted in 6314 specimens, 98 species taxa in 31 genera. Based on diversity estimators, our sampling represents 70-86% of all muscids of CPPB. The highest diversity occurs in Pelotas streams (non-protected) and Taim Ecological Station (a huge protected area). Despite the fact these areas are more diversified and present more predatory muscid species than others, invasive species associated with livestock were observed at a higher level, providing evidence of the impact of livestock proximity to protected areas. Based on biological characters of Muscidae species and ecological guild analysis, we were able to identify: (i) high diversity of carnivorous species associated with forested and more preserved areas and (ii) a high level of a few saprophagous species as indicator of anthropisation process. In general, our results represent a significant step towards understanding Muscidae in Southern Brazil, and we demonstrate how the population ecology of muscid flies supports data to conservation proposals.

Oftalmomiasis causada por Oestrus sp. en la selva peruana: a propósito de un caso / Ophthalmomyiasis caused by Oestrus sp in the Peruvian Amazon forest: apropos of a case

La oftalmomiasis es una patología poco descrita en Sudamérica, con presencia en la Amazonía peruana, causado por la larva de distintas moscas. Una de las especies más prevalentes pero poco reportada en nuestra región es Oestrus sp. Se reporta el caso de un adolescente de 14 años, con molestias oculares y presencia de una larva de mosca a nivel subconjuntival diagnosticado como oftalmomiasis externa, el cual se logró extraer mediante métodos médicos y alternativos; así como, control antibiótico y antiparasitario para prevenir las complicaciones. El manejo de las oftalmomiasis es muy variado y empírico, por lo que este tipo de reportes pueden ayudar a los profesionales de la salud que ejercen en la selva peruana, a brindar un diagnóstico oportuno y un tratamiento rápido.

Ophthalmomyiasis is a condition that has rarely been described in South America, it is present in the Peruvian Amazon forest, and it is caused by larvae from different fly species. One of the most prevalent but seldom reported species in this region is Oestrus sp. We report the case of a 14-year-old subject that presented with eye disturbances and the presence of a fly larva in the subconjunctival space, which was diagnosed as external ophthalmomyiasis. The larva was excised using medical and alternative methods, antibiotics and antiparasitic drugs were also used, aiming to prevent complications. There is no standard management protocol for ophthalmomyiasis, so this report may be of help for healthcare professionals working in the Peruvian Amazon forest, aiming to achieve a timely diagnosis and prompt therapy.